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name: coding-principles description: This skill provides language-agnostic coding principles for maintainability, readability, and quality. Automatically loaded when implementing features, refactoring code, reviewing code quality, or when the user mentions "clean code", "best practices", "code quality", or "maintainability".

Language-Agnostic Coding Principles

Core Philosophy

1. Maintainability over Speed: Prioritize long-term code health over initial development velocity
2. Simplicity First: Choose the simplest solution that meets requirements (YAGNI principle)
3. Explicit over Implicit: Make intentions clear through code structure and naming
4. Delete over Comment: Remove unused code instead of commenting it out

Code Quality

Continuous Improvement

• Refactor as you go - don't accumulate technical debt
• Improve code structure incrementally
• Keep the codebase lean and focused
• Delete unused code immediately

Readability

• Use meaningful, descriptive names for variables and functions
• Avoid abbreviations unless they are widely recognized
• Keep code self-documenting where possible
• Write code that humans can easily understand

Function Design

Parameter Management

• Recommended: 0-2 parameters per function
• For 3+ parameters: Use objects, structs, or dictionaries to group related parameters
• Example (conceptual):

  // Instead of: createUser(name, email, age, city, country)
  // Use: createUser(userData)
  

Single Responsibility

• Each function should do one thing well
• Keep functions small and focused (typically < 50 lines)
• Extract complex logic into separate, well-named functions
• Functions should have a single level of abstraction

Function Organization

• Pure functions when possible (no side effects)
• Separate data transformation from side effects
• Use early returns to reduce nesting
• Avoid deep nesting (maximum 3 levels)

Error Handling

Error Management Principles

• Always handle errors: Log with context or propagate explicitly
• Log appropriately: Include context for debugging
• Protect sensitive data: Mask or exclude passwords, tokens, PII from logs
• Fail fast: Detect and report errors as early as possible

Error Propagation

• Use language-appropriate error handling mechanisms
• Propagate errors to appropriate handling levels
• Provide meaningful error messages
• Include error context when re-throwing

Dependency Management

Loose Coupling

• Inject external dependencies as parameters
• Avoid direct imports within functions when possible
• Depend on abstractions, not concrete implementations
• Minimize inter-module dependencies

Parameterized Dependencies

• Pass dependencies explicitly through function parameters
• Use constructor parameter injection for class-based languages
• Use function parameters for functional/procedural approaches
• Facilitate testing through mockable dependencies

Performance Considerations

Optimization Approach

• Measure first: Profile before optimizing
• Focus on algorithms: Algorithmic complexity > micro-optimizations
• Use appropriate data structures: Choose based on access patterns
• Resource management: Handle memory, connections, and files properly

When to Optimize

• After identifying actual bottlenecks
• When performance issues are measurable
• Not prematurely during initial development

Code Organization

Structural Principles

• Group related functionality: Keep related code together
• Separate concerns: Domain logic, data access, presentation
• Consistent naming: Follow project conventions
• Module cohesion: High cohesion within modules, low coupling between

File Organization

• One primary responsibility per file
• Logical grouping of related functions/classes
• Clear folder structure reflecting architecture
• Avoid "god files" (files > 500 lines)

Commenting Principles

When to Comment

• Document "what": Describe what the code does
• Explain "why": Clarify reasoning behind decisions
• Note limitations: Document known constraints or edge cases
• API documentation: Public interfaces need clear documentation

When NOT to Comment

• Avoid describing "how" (the code shows that)
• Don't include historical information (use version control)
• Remove commented-out code (use git to retrieve old code)
• Avoid obvious comments that restate the code

Comment Quality

• Keep comments concise and timeless
• Update comments when changing code
• Use proper grammar and formatting
• Write for future maintainers

Refactoring Approach

Safe Refactoring

• Small steps: Make one change at a time
• Maintain working state: Keep tests passing
• Verify behavior: Run tests after each change
• Incremental improvement: Don't aim for perfection immediately

Refactoring Triggers

• Code duplication (DRY principle)
• Functions > 50 lines
• Complex conditional logic
• Unclear naming or structure

Clean Code Guidelines

Naming Conventions

• Use domain language in names
• Be specific and descriptive
• Avoid single-letter names (except loop counters)
• Follow language-specific conventions (camelCase, snake_case, etc.)

Code Structure

• Prefer early returns over nested conditionals
• Extract magic numbers into named constants
• Remove debug statements before committing
• Keep functions at a single level of abstraction

Code Smells to Avoid

• Long parameter lists
• Deeply nested conditionals
• Duplicated code blocks
• Unclear variable names
• Large modules, classes, or functions

Testing Considerations

Testability

• Write testable code from the start
• Avoid hidden dependencies
• Keep side effects explicit
• Design for parameterized dependencies

Test-Driven Development

• Write tests before implementation when appropriate
• Keep tests simple and focused
• Test behavior, not implementation
• Maintain test quality equal to production code

Security Principles

General Security

• Store secrets in environment variables or secret managers
• Validate all external input
• Use parameterized queries for databases
• Follow principle of least privilege

Data Protection

• Encrypt sensitive data at rest and in transit
• Sanitize user input
• Avoid logging sensitive information
• Use secure random generators for security-critical operations

Documentation

Code Documentation

• Document public APIs and interfaces
• Include usage examples for complex functionality
• Maintain README files for modules
• Keep documentation in sync with code

Architecture Documentation

• Document high-level design decisions
• Explain integration points
• Clarify data flows and boundaries
• Record trade-offs and alternatives considered

Version Control Practices

Commit Practices

• Make atomic, focused commits
• Write clear, descriptive commit messages
• Commit working code (passes tests)
• Avoid committing debug code or secrets

Code Review Readiness

• Self-review before requesting review
• Keep changes focused and reviewable
• Provide context in pull request descriptions
• Respond to feedback constructively

Language-Specific Adaptations

While these principles are language-agnostic, adapt them to your specific programming language:

• Static typing: Use strong types when available
• Dynamic typing: Add runtime validation
• OOP languages: Apply SOLID principles
• Functional languages: Prefer pure functions and immutability
• Concurrency: Follow language-specific patterns for thread safety

Continuous Learning

• Stay updated with language-specific best practices
• Learn from code reviews
• Study well-maintained open source projects
• Regularly refactor and improve existing code

Expert References (Reasoning Calibration)

When facing design or implementation trade-offs, calibrate your reasoning against these established principles:

Expert	Key Principle	Apply When
Martin Fowler	"Any fool can write code that a computer can understand. Good programmers write code that humans can understand."	Choosing between clever/compact code and readable/explicit code
Martin Fowler	"Refactoring is the process of changing a software system in a way that does not alter the external behavior of the code yet improves its internal structure."	Deciding when and how to refactor
Kent Beck	"Make it work, make it right, make it fast — in that order."	Choosing implementation sequence and resisting premature optimization
Sandi Metz	"Prefer duplication over the wrong abstraction."	Deciding whether to abstract or keep code inline
Robert C. Martin	"A function should do one thing. It should do it well. It should do it only."	Determining function scope and responsibility boundaries